In contrast, the improved interactions between ionomer and electrocatalyst enabled a more robust electrode and higher performance during low RH operation for the 50 wt% H 2O content ink. For the electrocatalyst examined here, a water-rich (82 wt% H 2O) ink formulation was favorable for operation at high RH due to improved molecular diffusion through larger electrode pores. The influence of the ink composition (water/n-propanol content) is examined via various in-situ electrochemical and ex-situ characterization techniques and the resulting electrode structure/performance relationship contrasted with electrode performance robustness across a range of relative humidity (RH). Here, the relationship between ionic and gas phase transport through the electrode thickness is modified by adjusting electrocatalyst and ionomer flocculation/interaction at the ink level. With Ultra Fractal, you can choose from thousands of fractal types and coloring algorithms, zoom in as far as you want, use gradients to add color, and apply multiple layers to combine different. Today, fractals are much more than the Mandelbrot sets that you may have seen before. In parallel to the development of more active and durable PGM-free catalysts, advancements in understanding the interplay between PGM-free electrode fabrication, bulk-electrode transport, proton conductivity and performance are needed. Ultra Fractal 6 is a great way to create your own fractal art. Consequently, PGM-free electrodes have an additional bulk electrode transport resistance beyond the local or aggregate level transport in thin platinum-based electrodes. With lower site density and turnover frequency, platinum group metal (PGM)-free catalysts based electrodes are often greater than 50 μm thick in order to increase performance across the fuel cell operating range.
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